EYFS體系的主要內容
The main content of the EYFS system
英國教育界認為,比起傳授所謂“真實而正確的知識”,教會兒童如何交流顯然更有價值。教育者和兒童不應該是不成熟的、保護者和被保護者的關系,而應該形成一種基于友誼,自發形成的自然愉悅且充滿探索的人際關系。
The British education community believes that it is obviously more valuable to teach children how to communicate than to teach the so-called real and correct knowledge. Educators and children should not be immature relationships between protectors and proteges but should form a relationship based on friendship, spontaneous and full of exploration.
EYFS是英國政府以“給父母最好的選擇,給幼兒最好的開始”為宗旨,提出建立的早教體系。英國教育部自2000年立專項調研,總共歷時12年,耗資超過1500萬鎊,超過7000名專家、學者和教師參與了調研工作,在全球20多個國家進行了調研,對來自141所各類學前教育機構的3000名3歲到11歲兒童進行長期追蹤研究,期間總計發出45,000份相關咨詢文件,確認了0-5歲階段的早期教育能更有效地促進低齡兒童的發展。
The British government is proposed to establish an early childhood education system with the aim of giving parents the best choice and giving young children the best start. The Ministry of Education has set up a special survey since 2000. It lasted 12 years and cost more than 15 million pounds. More than 7,000 experts, scholars and teachers involved in the research work and conducted surveys in more than 20 countries around the world. Three thousand children from 3 to 11 years old from various preschool educational institutions have been involved in the long-term follow-up studies. A total of 45,000 relevant consultation documents were issued during this period, confirming that early education at the age of 0-5 years can more effectively promote the development of pupils.
作為有史以來最大規模的早期教育跟蹤及效果評估項目之一,EYFS在2008年9月起被正式納入英格蘭《兒童保育法案》(Childcare Act 2006),在法律框架下形成了EYFS幼兒教育方案,以此促進0-5歲學前兒童早教水平,促進幼兒發展,為幼兒未來學習和生活打下堅實的基礎。
EYFS is one of the largest early education performance track and evaluation projects in history. EYFS was formally incorporated into the Childcare Act 2006 in England from September 2008. That formed the EYFS Early Childhood Education Program under the legal framework in order to promote the level of preschool education for children aged 0-5 years. Then it will also promote the development of children and lay a solid foundation for children's future study and life.
根據專家對早期教育方式進行的科學研究,EYFS確立了28項早期教育目標,117個評價標準。EYFS早教體系涵蓋幼兒成長各個領域的學習,主要包含七個學習領域:
Regarding to the scientific research conducted by experts on early education methods, EYFS has established 28 early education goals and 117 evaluation criteria. The EYFS Early Learning System covers learning in all areas of early childhood development. It consists of seven major areas of study:
1. 溝通、語言和文字(communication and language)
2. 身體的發展(physical development)
3. 個人、社會和情感發展(personal, social and emotional development)
4. 讀寫(literacy)
5. 數學(mathematics)
6. 對世界的理解(understanding the world)
7. 表現力和藝術設計(expressive arts and design)
簡而言之,EYFS的目標是給0-5歲的幼兒提供一個能連續發展和學習的體系,使他們在生活中獲得更好的發展機會,讓每個幼兒都能成長為身心健康,擁有安全感的成功而快樂的人。
In short, EYFS aims to provide a system for children aged 0-5 to develop and learn continuously. Therefore, they can have better development opportunities in their lives.
在此宗旨下,EYFS的課程主要由愉悅而富有挑戰性的游戲組成,強調幼兒的活動參與,重視幼兒的興趣與成就,以多元的、相互關聯的模塊全方位地發展幼兒的各項潛能。例如EYFS會根據不同年齡階段的幼兒進行有目的的課程設置,使幼兒能夠準備如何去學習,學會如何交朋友和玩耍,能夠知道自己的需求和表達自己的想法。
Under this purpose, EYFS's curriculum is mainly composed of pleasant and challenging games, emphasising the participation of children, attenting children's interests and achievements and developing children's potentials in all aspects through multiple, interrelated modules. For example, EYFS will conduct purposeful curriculum based on children of different ages so that children can be prepared to learn how to learn, how to make friends and play, know their needs and express their own ideas.
EYFS的開發者相信:尊重孩子的個性+正向積極的關系+激發能力的環境可以為兒童帶來學習與成長
The developers of EYFS believe that respecting the child's personality + active and positive relationship + environment where stimulate ability can bring learning and growth to children.
EYFS的理論基礎和特點
The Theoretical Basis and Characteristics of EYFS
EYFS體系以著名的意大利蒙臺梭利 (Maria Montessori) 教育理念和實踐為基礎,融合了當今世界上20多種先進的教育理論、研究和實踐。
The EYFS system is based on the famous Italian Montessori educational philosophy and practice. It integrated more than 20 advanced educational theories, researches and practices around the world today.
這其中還包括瑞吉歐 (Reggio Emilio) 強調成人的兒童觀及成人期望重要性的理念、德國史代納 (Rudolf Steiner) 的華德福 (Waldorf) 理念、美國的高贍教育 (High Scope),以及福祿倍爾 (Friedrich Fr?bel) 的哲學、蘇珊艾薩克(Susan Issacs)的經驗主義理論、維果茨基(Lev Vygotsky) 關于游戲和最近發展區理論、美國唐納森 (Margayet Donaldson) 博士和德偉克 (Carol Dweck) 博士關于兒童對自己作為學習者的認識的觀點、以及席爾瓦 (Kathy Sylva) 教授關于早期教育影響作用的研究觀點。
值得注意的是,雖然EYFS體系借鑒融合了許多先進科學的教育理念、實踐和研究,但該體系仍有自己的特別之處。相比蒙特梭利的教育理念,EYFS教育體系更符合現代和未來時代發展的需要,其教育體系的科學性和權威性已經得到世界范圍內的廣泛認可。
It is worth noting that although the EYFS system draws on many advanced educational concepts, practices, and research,the system still has its own special features. Compared to Montessori’s education concept, the EYFS education system is more in line with the needs of modern and development. The scientific and authoritative of its education system has been widely recognised worldwide.
例如EYFS明確提出老師和家長要系統而有計劃地設置玩具和活動,從而讓孩子在“玩”(play) 與探索實踐中達到相應的學習目標。
For example, EYFS clearly stated that teachers and parents should set toys and activities in the systematical and planned way so that children can achieve the corresponding learning objectives in the play and exploration practices.
此外,EYFS對于教育的重點,以及對教育者和兒童關系的定位也將它與其它教育體系區分開來。EYFS認為交流的價值遠遠超過了傳授"什么是真實的和正確的"的意義,對于兒童來說更是如此——教育者和兒童之間不應該是不成熟的,須要保護的個體和看護者的關系。而應該形成一種基于真正友誼的人際關系,這種人際關系的特點就是自發自然、冒險和愉悅。
In addition, EYFS distinguishes itself from other education systems from the emphasis in education and the positioning relationship of educators and children. EYFS believes that the value of communication far exceeds the value of imparting what is true and correct,especially for children - the relationship between educators and children should not be immature, not just protector and protectees. Instead, a kind of relationships based on true friendship should be formed. This kind of interpersonal relationship is characterised at Spontaneity, adventure and joy.
與EYFS體系配合的場景和設備
Activities and Facilities follow EYFS
蒙特梭利的教學內容根據教具的種類來分為五大領域,即日常生活教育、感官教育、語言教育 、數學教育、自然人文教育,這五大內容也被借鑒到EYFS體系中。
According to the types of teaching tools, Montessoris teaching content is divided into five areas: daily life education, sensory education, language education, mathematics education, and natural humanity education. These five major areas are also used in the EYFS system.
根據EYFS的標準,孩子在40-60個月期間會逐漸從涂鴉發展到有目的的涂寫,例如會寫簡單的字母,會畫簡單的圖形。為此,英國幼兒園為了讓孩子們,特別是3-5歲的男生練習寫畫能力,會想辦法“體力化”。
According to the EYFS standard, children will gradually develop from graffiti to purposeful writing during 40-60 months. For example, they will write simple letters and draw simple figures. For this reason, in order to let children, especially boys aged 3-5, practice drawing skills, British nursery schools try to be physical in many methods.
舉例而言,一些幼兒園會讓孩子用掃帚沾上水在地上寫,或者把一張很大的紙鋪在地上,讓孩子在地上寫畫,這樣他們的身體會有較大運動。此外,孩子能夠寫字所需的另一個技能是手指的精細運動,英國幼兒園的老師會建議讓孩子練習穿珠子,搭樂高等來練習手指的精細運動。
For example, some schools will let their children use a broom to dip in water to write on the ground, or put a large piece of paper on the ground to let the children write on the ground so that their bodies will have greater movement. In addition, another skill that the child can use to write is fine movement of the fingers. The teachers of the British schools will recommend the children practice to wear beads and play with lego.
對于世界的認知也是EYFS體系的重要板塊,人文與環境是其重點關注的領域之一,所以孩子們在學齡前會通過“玩”與實踐學到很多的知識。例如讓孩子學習垃圾分類,要把相應的垃圾扔到普通垃圾、可回收垃圾和堆肥垃圾存放地;孩子學習昆蟲的生長環境,那就要到灌木叢中自己尋找,同時老師會提供工具,并且要求孩子不要傷害昆蟲。
It is also an important part of the EYFS system to perceive the world . It focuses on humanity and the environment. Therefore, children can learn a lot of knowledge through playing and practice before primary school. For example, let the children learn garbage classification, throw the corresponding garbage into ordinary, recyclable, and compost waste storage place. Moreover, children can learn the environment of the insects, then they must find themselves in the bushes. The teacher will provide tools and ask your child not to injure insects.
為配合EYFS早教體系的教學,上海伊派幼兒園也結合自身特點打造相應的環境和場景,分別開設了角色扮演區、圖書室和閱讀區、音樂室、感官功能室、室內游戲和探究區,還有室外種植區、養殖區、音樂廣場、游戲區、戲沙和戲水區和探險小森林等探索自然區域。
In line with EYFS Early Learning System, Shanghai Yipai Kindergarten also created appropriate environments based on its own characteristics. It opens role playing areas, library and reading areas, music rooms, sensory rooms, indoor games and exploration areas. For natural exploration areas, it includes outdoor planting zone, aquaculture zone, music square, game zone, sand and water playing zone and forests for adventure.